Ectoine, a natural cell protectant, an amino acid derivate produced by bacteria living under extremely harsh environmental conditions. It serves as an osmoregulatory compatible solute, increasing the hydration of the skin surface and stabilizing lipid layers, which is useful in skincare.

[1] Graf R, et al. The multifunctional role of ectoine as a natural cell protectant. Clin Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;26(4):326-33.

[2] Werkhäuser N, et al. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with ectoine containing nasal spray and eye drops in comparison with azelastine containing nasal spray and eye drops or with cromoglycic Acid containing nasal spray. J Allergy (Cairo). 2014;2014:176597.